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The safety of power batteries is the premise for the promotion and use of electric vehicles. The industry has been making active efforts to this end. However, since the demonstration and promotion of vehicles equipped with lithium-ion power batteries around the world, the world has always had doubts about the safety of lithium-ion power batteries. So, does the safety of lithium-ion power batteries have unavoidable risks in the mechanism?
Lithium-ion batteries should be the best choice for the development of electric vehicles before the new material systems is mature. From the perspective of the global development of lithium-ion power battery technology, there is a solution to the safety problem. However, to ensure the safety of vehicles equipped with lithium-ion batteries, it is not only a technical problem but also a problem of the material itself and the battery cell, including the improvement of the relevant R&D and manufacturing management systems, as well as the strengthening of cooperation and cooperation between all parties.
Therefore, preventing thermal runaways caused by short circuits and overcharging is the main direction to solve lithium-ion power batteries. The causes of the short circuit include material factors, process factors, and factors such as low-temperature charging, high current charging and discharging, rapid attenuation of the negative electrode, etc. Overcharging is mainly caused by high current charging. At present, the main way to prevent thermal runaway is to develop a flame-retardant membrane, electrolyte system, negative insulation layer, etc. in terms of material technology.
The main topic is how to achieve high-temperature resistance and flame retardancy, high strength, environmental protection, easy industrialization, and low cost. In terms of core manufacturing, efforts were made to solve consistency problems, such as dust prevention, positive and negative pole dislocation, pole piece burr, electrolyte/quality uniformity, etc., including both technical problems and production system quality control capabilities. In terms of battery design, battery self-excitation safety technology is developed to enable the battery to have self-protection functions, such as battery spontaneous charging voltage clamping technology and spontaneous thermal control technology. In terms of the battery system, an efficient thermal management system, battery management system, and high-security structure are developed. Some of these technologies have been relatively mature internationally. They have been applied to the production of some batteries or vehicle carrying.
In other words, it is a question of probability. How to minimize the probability is the biggest challenge we are facing. Relevant materials, batteries, and vehicle enterprises must work closely together. Because different vehicle enterprises, different vehicle models, different service conditions, and environments have different requirements for the technical conditions of the battery cell and battery system, it is difficult to prevent potential safety hazards of the battery system without adequate communication and cooperation between the battery enterprises and the vehicle enterprises in the vehicle development stage. For example, the influence of cell capacity on safety has proved the limit of single capacity from the theory of thermal runaway. The safety of small capacity batteries is high (such as below 10Ah).
